Geo Political History of the World

 Geo Political History of the World

Essential component of a state:

Territory

Population

Government

Soveriginity

ABMS:Anti balastic Misile system.

it is present only with Israel.

Low politics High politics

Human rights Defence

Water issues Security

Education War and Peace

Wealth Stability,Instability

Women rights Power

Ecnomics (haves/havesnot) Struture of the world

Four pillars of a state:

Legislature

Judicary

Executive

Media

Origins of IR: Basically there are two school of thought about the origin of IR.

1st school of thought:It says that IR started in the 17th century (1618-1648) when the treaty of west phelia was signed by multiple state of Europe.

It is a multi lateral treaty.

The treaty of west phelia ended the thirty (30) years war in Europe.

Objective:its objective was to end war.

2ND school of thought:It says that IR took birth as a separate academic descpline in USA at the end of WW1 and the treaty of versallies was signed(1919) which give way to the league of nation.

Northern world Southern world

Scientific Conservative

Industrial Agricultural

Educated Un-educated

Healthy Un-healthy

Liberal Feudal

Climate mild Climate harsh

Technically advanced Far away from technology

Cold war:It is the fourty (40) years struggle between the two super powers states of the world.

One was USA (Capatalist).

The other one was USSR (Socialist).

It is started in 1949 and ended in 1989.(Till the USSR was defeated and disintegrated into many states or republic).

It is an idealogical battle.

It is an economic battle.

At that time USA makes NATO (north atlantic treaty organization) in (1949) and in response USSR make (War saw pact) in (1951).

20th century : From 1901-1999.

Great wars: WW1 and WW2.

These are system transforming wars in the 20th century.

Why they are called system transforming wars?

Paradigm shift, Theoretical change.

Because it changes the thinking and understanding  of IR among students and scholars of IR.

WW1:From 1914-1919.

Axis power Allied power

Germany USSR

Japan France

Ootoman empire Britin UK

Italy USA

WW2:From 1939-1945.

Axis power Allied power

Germany USSR

Italy France

Japan USA

Britin UK

Extra points:

British Empire:It is the largest empire in the history.

Prussia Empire:French empire.e.g:Germany.

Dutch Empire.

Spanish Empire.

Italian Empire.

Two inventions of men kind:

Language

Agriculture

Wilsonian fourteen (14) points:In 1919 the American president Wodrow Wilson present his famous fourteen (14) points speech which is called wilsonian points.

These points are as follows:

He said let us be united to save our future generation from another horrific world war.

Let us join our hands to work for global peace because war is a very dangerous activity because it can bring devastation with itself war destroy infrastructure that is (schools,hospitals,roads etc)

Let us abolish secret diplomacy IR or Global politics because spying system was relevant before WW1 and that was one of the reason of ww1 there was no trust.

War is a very sleepery road you can start it by your own will but you can not end it by your own will.when a war starts you can not predict what will happen next because it is not the science of mathematics war would always be the last option to solve a political problem.

International Economics: It’s Concept & Parts

 International Economics: It’s Concept & Parts

International economics deals with the economic activities of various countries and their consequences.

In other words, international economics is a field concerned with economic interactions of countries and effect of international issues on the world economic activity.

It studies economic and political issues related to international trade and finance.

International trade involves the exchange of goods or services and other factors of production, such as labor and capital, across international borders.

On the other hand, international finance studies the flow of financial assets or investment across borders. International trade and finance became possible across nations only due to the emergence of globalization.

Globalization can be defined as an integration of economics all over the world. It involves an exchange of technological, economic, and political factors across nations due to advancement in communication, transportation, and infrastructure systems.

With the advent of globalization, there is a rapid increase in the free flow of goods and services, capital, labor and finance between nations. The consequences of globalization can be negative or positive.

For example, globalization has led to increase in employment opportunities and standardization of international economic laws and policies. In addition, it has also resulted in reduction in trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas.

However, globalization has marked an increase in international competition, which results in decrease in the market share of organizations. Therefore, the repercussions of globalization are important for organizations, irrespective of whether they are indulged in international trade or not.

Apart from this, it describes the functioning of different international economic institutions, such as World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Concept of International Economics:

International economics refers to a study of international forces that influence the domestic conditions of an economy and shape the economic relationship between countries. In other words, it studies the economic interdependence between countries and its effects on economy.

The scope of international economics is wide as it includes various concepts, such as globalization, gains from trade, pattern of trade, balance of payments, and FDI. Apart from this, international economics describes production, trade, and investment between countries.

International economics has emerged as one of the most essential concepts for countries. Over the years, the field of international economics has developed drastically with various theoretical, empirical, and descriptive contributions.

Generally, the economic activities between nations differ from activities within nations. For example, the factors of production are less mobile between countries due to various restrictions imposed by governments.

The impact of various government restrictions on production, trade, consumption, and distribution of income are covered in the study of internal economics. Thus, it is important to study the international economics as a special field of economics.

International economics is divided into two parts, namely, theoretical and descriptive.

These two parts are discussed as follows:

(a) Theoretical International Economics:

Deals with the explanation of international economic transactions as they take place in the institutional environment.

Theoretical international economics is further grouped into two categories, which are as follows:

(i) Pure Theory of International Economics:

Involves microeconomic part of international economics. The pure theory of international economics deals with trade patterns, impact of trade on production, rate of consumption, and income distribution. Apart from this, it also involves the study of effects of trade on prices of goods and services and rate of economic growth.

(ii) Monetary Theory of International Economics:

Involves macroeconomic part of international economics. The monetary theory of international economics is concerned with issues related to balance of payments and international monetary system. It studies causes of disequilibrium between payments and international monetary system and international liquidity.

(b) Descriptive International Economics:

Deals with institutional environment in which international transactions take place between countries. Descriptive international economics also studies issues related to international flow of goods and services and financial and other resources. In addition, it covers the study of various international economic institutions, such as IMF, WTO, World Bank, and UNCTAD.

Among aforementioned concepts, such as globalization, gains from trade, pattern of trade, balance of payments, and FDI, globalization forms the major part to be learned in international economics.